Source
Central bank

Deutsche Bundesbank

International Reserves

USD 296.05 billion (2021)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), data retrieved January 2022

Gross Domestic Product - GDP

USD 4,230.17 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

USD 4,843.39 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

Real GDP growth
2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021*
2.7% 1.1% 1.1% –4.6% 3.1%

*Estimate

GDP per capita - current prices

USD 50,787.86 (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

GDP per capita - PPP

USD 58,150.20 (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

GDP (PPP) - share of world total
3.35% (2021 estimate)
 
 
Source
GDP - composition by sector
  • agriculture: 0.7% 
  • industry: 26.5% 
  • services: 63.4%

(2020 estimate)

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D; (% of GDP)

3.2% (2019)
OECD, retrieved January 2022

Inflation
2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021*
1.7% 1.9% 1.4% 0.4% 2.9%

*Estimate

Unemployment rate
2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021*
3.8% 3.4% 3.2% 3.8% 4.7%

*Estimate

Household saving rates

16.1% (2020)

 

Public debt (General government gross debt as a % of GDP)
2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021*
65% 61.6% 59.2% 69.1% 72.5%

*Estimate

Public deficit (General government net lending/borrowing as a % of GDP)
2017 2018 2019 2020* 2021*
2.2% 2.6% 2% –3.9% –6.5%

*Estimate

Government bond ratings

Standard & Poor's: AAA

Moody's: Aaa

Standard & Poor's / Moody's (January 2022)

Market value of publicly traded shares

USD 2,284 billion (2020)

Largest companies

Volkswagen Group, Allianz, Daimler, Deutsche Telekom, BMW Group, Siemens, SAP, Deutsche Post, Munich Re, EMD Group, E.ON, Fresenius, Henkel, Deutsche Bank, RWE Group, BASF, EnBW-Energie Baden, Bayer, Talanx, Vonovia, Adidas, Deutsche Boerse, Porsche Automobil Holding, Continental, Siemens Energy, Infineon Technologies, Evonik, Deutsche Wohnen, HeidelbergCement, Commerzbank, Metro Group, Beiersdorf, ThyssenKrupp Group, Covestro, Brenntag, Deutsche Lufthansa, Knorr-Bremse, LEG Immobilien AG, Wuestenrot & Wuerttembergische, Zalando, KION Group, Lanxess, Aurubis, Ceconomy, Schaeffler, Sartorius, Delivery Hero, BayWa, Deutsche Pfandbriefbank, HelloFresh, Aareal Bank, Puma, Nuernberger Beteiligungs, Symrise

 
 
Source
Current account balance

USD 287.6 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

Current account balance by percentage of GDP

6.8% (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021

Exports as percent of GDP (Exports of goods and services)

43.4% (2020)

Shares in world total merchandising export

7.8% (2020)

Shares in world total commercial services export

6.0% (2020)

Total exports

USD 1,670.3 billion (2020 estimate)

Export commodities

Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)

Total imports

USD 1,452.2 billion (2020 estimate)

 
 
Source
Import commodities

Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)

Exports - major partners

United States 9%, France 8%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5%, Austria 5% (2019)

Imports - major partners

Netherlands 9%, China 8%, France 7%, Belgium 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 6%, Czechia 5%, United States 5% (2019)

FDI inflows
2019 2020 2021
USD 62.1 billion USD 54.1 billion USD 35.7 billion
FDI outflows
2019 2020 2021
USD 86.2 billion USD 139.3 billion USD 35 billion
Value of cross-border M&A, by country of purchaser
2018 2019 2020 2021
USD 47,640 million

USD -6,559 million

USD 31,879 million USD 72,812 million
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2014

Bayer AG, Merck & Co Inc-Consumer Care Business, United States, USD 14.2 billion / Telefonica Deutschland Holding AG, E-Plus Mobilfunk GmbH & Co KG, Germany, USD 11.2 billion / Volkswagen AG, Scania AB, Sweden, USD 9.1 billion / Kronen Tausend985 GmbH, Sky Deutschland AG, Germany, USD 4.9 billion / Dragonfly GmbH & Co KgaA, Celesio AG, Germany, USD 4.8 billion / TUI AG, TUI Travel PLC, United Kingdom, USD 4.6 billion

Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2015

Merck KGaA, Sigma-Aldrich Corp, United States, USD 16.9 billion / ZF Friedrichshafen AG, TRW Automotive Holdings Corp, United States, USD 12.5 billion / Deutsche Annington Immobilien SE, Gagfah SA, Luxembourg, USD 10.4 billion / Siemens AG, Dresser-Ran

Best countries for doing business

Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm.

Overall ranking:

22 out of 190 countries

​Subcategories:
Starting a Business: 125 out of 190 countries
Dealing with Construction Permits: 30 out of 190 countries
Getting Electricity: 5 out of 190 countries
Registering Property: 76 out of 190 countries
Getting Credit: 48 out of 190 countries
Protecting Minority Investors: 61 out of 190 countries
Paying Taxes: 46 out of 190 countries
Trading across Borders: 42 out of 190 countries
Enforcing Contracts: 13 out of 190 countries
Resolving Insolvency: 4 out of 190 countries

Global competitiveness ranking

7 out of 141 countries

(2019)

Index of Economic Freedom

Ranking: 24 / Score: 73.5 (Mostly free)

(100=totally free 0=totally repressed)

 
 
Source
Time zone

UTC+1

Total area

357,022 sq km

Capital

Berlin 

Currency

Euros (EUR) 

Government type

Federal parliamentary republic

Languages

German (official)

Religions

Roman Catholic 28.2%, Protestant 26%, Muslim 5%, Orthodox 1.9%, other Christian 1.1%, other .9%, none 37% (2017 est.)

Total population
1990 2000 2010 2015* 2020*
78.95 million 81.46 million 80.29 million 81.96 million 82.98 million

*Estimate 

 
 
Source
Urban population as % of total population
1960 1980 2000 2018
71.4% 72.8% 75% 77.3%
Population median age

47.4 years 

Population growth rate

-0.17% (2018 estimate)

Life expectancy

80.9 years (2018 estimate)

Literacy

N/A

% of population living on less than $3.10 a day

0% (last available estimate, 2015)

Inequality of wealth distribution (Gini index)

31.7 (last available estimate, 2015)

(0=perfect equality, 100=absolute inequality)

Freedom House rating

Free
Political Rights: 1
Civil Liberties: 1 (2019)
(1 represents the most free, 7 the least free rating)

Source
Total telephone subscribers as % of population

Fixed: 51.7%

Mobile: 129.3%

(2018)

(fixed-telephone subscribers and mobile-cellular subscribers)

Internet users as % of total population

89.74 % (2018)

Mercer Cost of living index

Munich: 67th
Frankfurt: 74th
Berlin: 81st
Düsseldorf: 92nd
Hamburg: 100th
Stuttgart: 126th
Nürnberg: 151st
Leipzig: 156th

(2019)

CO2 emissions

8.89 metric tons per capita (2014)

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