Germany: Last Nuclear Plant Shut Down
Germany's closure of its last nuclear power facilities amid potential energy shortages and rising prices due to the end of gas and oil imports from Russia.
Germany GDP and Economic Data
Includes Germany real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, with latest forecasts and historical data, GDP per capita, GDP composition and breakdown by sector.
Browse additional economic indicators and data sets, selected by Global Finance editors, to learn more about Germany economic outlook, debt to GDP ratio, international trade performance and population trends. Rankings of Germany best banks and safest banks are also available.
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International Reserves
USD 296.05 billion (2021)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), data retrieved January 2022
Gross Domestic Product - GDP
USD 4,230.17 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
USD 4,843.39 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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Real GDP growth
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020* | 2021* |
| 2.7% | 1.1% | 1.1% | –4.6% | 3.1% |
*Estimate
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GDP per capita - current prices
USD 50,787.86 (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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GDP per capita - PPP
USD 58,150.20 (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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GDP - composition by sector
- agriculture: 0.7%
- industry: 26.5%
- services: 63.4%
(2020 estimate)
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D; (% of GDP)
3.2% (2019)
OECD, retrieved January 2022
Inflation
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020* | 2021* |
| 1.7% | 1.9% | 1.4% | 0.4% | 2.9% |
*Estimate
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Unemployment rate
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020* | 2021* |
| 3.8% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 3.8% | 4.7% |
*Estimate
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Public debt (General government gross debt as a % of GDP)
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020* | 2021* |
| 65% | 61.6% | 59.2% | 69.1% | 72.5% |
*Estimate
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Public deficit (General government net lending/borrowing as a % of GDP)
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020* | 2021* |
| 2.2% | 2.6% | 2% | –3.9% | –6.5% |
*Estimate
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Government bond ratings
Standard & Poor's: AAA
Moody's: Aaa
Standard & Poor's / Moody's (January 2022)
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Market value of publicly traded shares
USD 2,284 billion (2020)
Largest companies
Volkswagen Group, Allianz, Daimler, Deutsche Telekom, BMW Group, Siemens, SAP, Deutsche Post, Munich Re, EMD Group, E.ON, Fresenius, Henkel, Deutsche Bank, RWE Group, BASF, EnBW-Energie Baden, Bayer, Talanx, Vonovia, Adidas, Deutsche Boerse, Porsche Automobil Holding, Continental, Siemens Energy, Infineon Technologies, Evonik, Deutsche Wohnen, HeidelbergCement, Commerzbank, Metro Group, Beiersdorf, ThyssenKrupp Group, Covestro, Brenntag, Deutsche Lufthansa, Knorr-Bremse, LEG Immobilien AG, Wuestenrot & Wuerttembergische, Zalando, KION Group, Lanxess, Aurubis, Ceconomy, Schaeffler, Sartorius, Delivery Hero, BayWa, Deutsche Pfandbriefbank, HelloFresh, Aareal Bank, Puma, Nuernberger Beteiligungs, Symrise
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Current account balance
USD 287.6 billion (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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Current account balance by percentage of GDP
6.8% (2021 estimate)
IMF - World Economic Outlook, October 2021
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Exports as percent of GDP (Exports of goods and services)
43.4% (2020)
Shares in world total merchandising export
7.8% (2020)
Shares in world total commercial services export
6.0% (2020)
Export commodities
Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, aircraft, medical cultures/vaccines, industrial machinery (2019)
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Import commodities
Cars and vehicle parts, packaged medicines, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, medical cultures/vaccines (2019)
Exports - major partners
United States 9%, France 8%, China 7%, Netherlands 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5%, Austria 5% (2019)
Imports - major partners
Netherlands 9%, China 8%, France 7%, Belgium 6%, Poland 6%, Italy 6%, Czechia 5%, United States 5% (2019)
FDI inflows
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| USD 62.1 billion | USD 54.1 billion | USD 35.7 billion |
FDI outflows
| 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| USD 86.2 billion | USD 139.3 billion | USD 35 billion |
Value of cross-border M&A, by country of purchaser
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
| USD 47,640 million |
USD -6,559 million |
USD 31,879 million | USD 72,812 million |
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2014
Bayer AG, Merck & Co Inc-Consumer Care Business, United States, USD 14.2 billion / Telefonica Deutschland Holding AG, E-Plus Mobilfunk GmbH & Co KG, Germany, USD 11.2 billion / Volkswagen AG, Scania AB, Sweden, USD 9.1 billion / Kronen Tausend985 GmbH, Sky Deutschland AG, Germany, USD 4.9 billion / Dragonfly GmbH & Co KgaA, Celesio AG, Germany, USD 4.8 billion / TUI AG, TUI Travel PLC, United Kingdom, USD 4.6 billion
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2015
Merck KGaA, Sigma-Aldrich Corp, United States, USD 16.9 billion / ZF Friedrichshafen AG, TRW Automotive Holdings Corp, United States, USD 12.5 billion / Deutsche Annington Immobilien SE, Gagfah SA, Luxembourg, USD 10.4 billion / Siemens AG, Dresser-Ran
Best countries for doing business
Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm.
Overall ranking:
22 out of 190 countries
Subcategories:
Starting a Business: 125 out of 190 countries
Dealing with Construction Permits: 30 out of 190 countries
Getting Electricity: 5 out of 190 countries
Registering Property: 76 out of 190 countries
Getting Credit: 48 out of 190 countries
Protecting Minority Investors: 61 out of 190 countries
Paying Taxes: 46 out of 190 countries
Trading across Borders: 42 out of 190 countries
Enforcing Contracts: 13 out of 190 countries
Resolving Insolvency: 4 out of 190 countries
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Global competitiveness ranking
7 out of 141 countries
(2019)
Index of Economic Freedom
Ranking: 24 / Score: 73.5 (Mostly free)
(100=totally free 0=totally repressed)
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Religions
Roman Catholic 28.2%, Protestant 26%, Muslim 5%, Orthodox 1.9%, other Christian 1.1%, other .9%, none 37% (2017 est.)
Total population
| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015* | 2020* |
| 78.95 million | 81.46 million | 80.29 million | 81.96 million | 82.98 million |
*Estimate
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Urban population as % of total population
| 1960 | 1980 | 2000 | 2018 |
| 71.4% | 72.8% | 75% | 77.3% |
% of population living on less than $3.10 a day
0% (last available estimate, 2015)
Inequality of wealth distribution (Gini index)
31.7 (last available estimate, 2015)
(0=perfect equality, 100=absolute inequality)
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Freedom House rating
Free
Political Rights: 1
Civil Liberties: 1 (2019)
(1 represents the most free, 7 the least free rating)
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Total telephone subscribers as % of population
Fixed: 51.7%
Mobile: 129.3%
(2018)
(fixed-telephone subscribers and mobile-cellular subscribers)
Mercer Cost of living index
Munich: 67th
Frankfurt: 74th
Berlin: 81st
Düsseldorf: 92nd
Hamburg: 100th
Stuttgart: 126th
Nürnberg: 151st
Leipzig: 156th
(2019)
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