Includes Poland real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, with latest forecasts and historical data, GDP per capita, GDP composition and breakdown by sector.
Browse additional economic indicators and data sets, selected by Global Finance editors, to learn more about Poland economic outlook, debt to GDP ratio, international trade performance and population trends. Rankings of Poland best banks and safest banks are also available.
Basic Information
Government Type: Parliamentary republic
Capital City: Warsaw
GDP & Economic Information
Macroeconomy & Sovereign Data
Central Bank | Narodowy Bank Polski |
---|---|
Currency | Zlotych (PLN) |
International Reserves |
USD 154.22 billion (2020) World Bank, last updated 12/16/2021 |
Gross Domestic Product – GDP |
USD 655.33 billion (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity) |
USD 1,412.30 billion (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
GDP Data
Real GDP growth |
2017 4.8% 2018 5.4% 2019 4.7% 2020* -2.7% 2021* 5.1% *Estimate |
---|---|
GDP per capita – current prices |
USD 17,318.50 (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
GDP per capita – PPP |
USD 37,322.87 (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
GDP (PPP) – share of world total |
0.98% (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
GDP – composition by sector |
agriculture: 2.4% industry: 28.2% services: 57.5% (2020 estimate) |
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D; (% of GDP) |
1.3% (2019) OECD, retrieved January 2022 |
Inflation |
2017 2% 2018 1.6% 2019 2.3% 2020* 3.4% 2021* 4.4% *Estimate |
Poland
Inflation & Debt
Inflation |
2017 2% 2018 1.6% 2019 2.3% 2020* 3.4% 2021* 4.4% *Estimate |
---|---|
Government Bond Ratings |
Standard & Poor’s: A– Moody’s: A2 Standard & Poor’s / Moody’s (January 2022) |
Unemployment rate |
2014 4.9% 2015 3.8% 2016 3.3% 2020* 3.2% 2021* 3.5% *Estimate |
Household saving rates |
6.9% (2020) OECD, retrieved January 202 |
Public debt (General government gross debt as a % of GDP) |
2017 50.6% 2018 48.8% 2019 45.7% 2020* 57.5% 2021* 55.5% *Estimate |
Public deficit (General government net lending/borrowing as a % of GDP) |
2017 0.1% 2018 1.2% 2019 0.7% 2020* -5.7% 2021* -3.1% *Estimate |
Market value of publicly traded shares |
USD 177.5 billion (2020) World Bank / Market capitalization |
Largest Companies |
Pgnig Group, PKN Orlen, Grupa PZU, PKO Bank Polski, PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna, Bank Pekao, KGHM Polska Miedz Forbes Global 2000 (2021) |
Import/Export
Exports as percent of GDP (Exports of goods and services) |
56.2% (2020) World Bank – World Development Indicators (updated Feb 2022) |
---|---|
Shares in world total merchandising export |
1.5% (2020) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |
Shares in world total commercial services export | 1.3% (2020) |
Total exports |
USD 333 billion (2020 estimate) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |
Export commodities | Cars and vehicle parts, seats, furniture, computers, video displays (2019) |
Total imports | USD 292 billion (2020 estimate) |
Import commodities | Cars and vehicle parts, crude petroleum, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, office machinery/parts (2019) |
Exports – major partners | Germany 27%, Czechia 6%, United Kingdom 6%, France 6%, Italy 5% (2019) |
Imports – major partners | Germany 25%, China 10%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019) |
Competitiveness & Trade
Current account balance |
USD 14.8 billion (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
---|---|
Current account balance by percentage of GDP |
2.3% (2021 estimate) IMF – World Economic Outlook, October 2021 |
FDI inflows |
2019 USD 16 billion 2020 USD 10.9 billion 2021 USD 10.1 billion |
FDI Outflows |
2019 USD 891 million 2020 USD 1.3 billion 2021 USD 1.8 billion |
Value of cross-border M&A, by country of purchaser |
2018 USD 131 million 2019 USD 1.8 billion 2020 USD 463 million 2021 USD –91 million |
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2014 | N/A |
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2015 | N/A |
Best countries for doing business |
Overall ranking: 40 out of 190 countries (2020) Subcategories: Starting a Business: 128 out of 190 countries Dealing with Construction Permits: 39 out of 190 countries Getting Electricity: 60 out of 190 countries Registering Property: 92 out of 190 countries Getting Credit: 37 out of 190 countries Protecting Minority Investors: 51 out of 190 countries Paying Taxes: 77 out of 190 countries Trading across Borders: 1 out of 190 countries Enforcing Contracts: 55 out of 190 countries Resolving Insolvency: 25 out of 190 countries World Bank – Doing Business 2020 |
Global competitiveness ranking |
34 out of 141 countries World Economic Forum – The Global Competitiveness Index 2019 |
Index of Economic Freedom |
Ranking: 39 / Score: 68.7 (Moderately Free) The Heritage Foundation – 2022 Index of Economic Freedom |
Population & Geographic Data
Total Area |
312,685 sq km |
---|---|
Total Population |
1990 38.1 Million 2000 38.3 Million 2010 38 Million 2015 38 Million 2020 38 Million |
Urban population as % of total population |
1960 47.9% 1980 58.1% 2000 61.7% 2018 60.0% |
Population median age |
41.1 (2022) CIA World Factbook / Population median age |
Population growth rate | -0.26% (2022 est.) |
Life expectancy |
78.8 years CIA World Factbook / Life expectancy |
% of population living on less than $3.10 a day | 0.4% (last available estimate, 2018) |
Inequality of wealth distribution (Gini index) | 30.2 (last available estimate, 2018) |
Freedom House rating |
Total score: 81/100 Status: Free Political Rights: 34/40 Civil Liberties: 47/60 (2022) |
Total telephone subscribers as % of population |
Fixed: 15.3% Mobile: 130.4% (2020) (fixed-telephone subscribers and mobile-cellular subscriber |
Internet users as % of total population | 83.2% (2020) |
Language & Religon
Languages | Polish (official) 98.2%, Silesian 1.4%, other 1.1%, unspecified 1.3%; note – data represent the language spoken at home; shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Poland ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 2009 recognizing Kashub as a regional language, Czech, Hebrew, Yiddish, Belarusian, Lithuanian, German, Armenian, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian as national minority languages, and Karaim, Lemko, Romani (Polska Roma and Bergitka Roma), and Tatar as ethnic minority languages (2011 est.) |
---|---|
Literacy |
Total population: 99.8% Male: 99.9% Female: 99.7% (2015) Definition: age 15 and over can read and write |
Religions | Catholic 85% (includes Roman Catholic 84.8% and other Catholic 0.3%), Orthodox 1.3% (almost all are Polish Autocephalous Orthodox), Protestant 0.4% (mainly Augsburg Evangelical and Pentecostal), other 0.3% (includes Jehovah’s Witness, Buddhist, Hare Krishna, Gaudiya Vaishnavism, Muslim, Jewish, Church of Jesus Christ), unspecified 12.9% (2020 est.) |
World Rankings
Population | 38 million |
---|---|
Mercer Cost of living index | N/A |
C02 Emissions per capita |
8.2 metric tons per capita (2018) World Bank / CO2 emissions |
Global Finance Rankings & Awards: Poland
Global Finance Magazine holds several conferences and awards ceremonies throughout the year to recognize the winning financial institutions and companies in a host of categories including World’s Best Trade Finance Banks, World's Biggest Banks, World's Safest Banks, World's Best Developed & Emerging Markets Banks, World's Best Internet Banks, and World’s Best Investment Banks.