ROMANIA: PROCEED WITH CAUTION
Frontier Markets Focus | Romania
Romania aggressively pursues foreign direct investment by providing a number of incentive programs. But international investors should approach each one carefully.
Romania GDP and Economic Data
Country Report 2017 - Includes Romania real Gross Domestic Product growth rate, with latest forecasts and historical data, GDP per capita, GDP composition and breakdown by sector.
Browse additional economic indicators and data sets, selected by Global Finance editors, to learn more about Romania economic outlook, debt to GDP ratio, international trade performance and population trends. Rankings of Romania best banks and safest banks are also available.
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International Reserves
USD 36.3 billion (2016)
International Monetary Fund (IMF), data retrieved January 2017
Gross Domestic Product - GDP
USD 197.0 billion (2017, estimate)
GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)
Intl$ 467.4 billion (2017, estimate)
Real GDP growth
| 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 |
| 8.1% | 6.9% | 8.5% | -7.1% | -0.8% | 1.1% | 0.6% |
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016* | 2017* | ||
| 3.5% | 3% | 3.8% | 5% | 3.8% |
*Estimate
GDP (PPP) - share of world total
| 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2017* |
| 0.83% | 0.65% | 0.37% | 0.38% | 0.4% |
*Estimate
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GDP - composition by sector
- agriculture: 3.3%
- industry: 35.4%
- services: 61.3%
(2016 estimate)
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D; (% of GDP)
0.4% (2014)
OECD, data retrieved January 2017
Inflation
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016* | 2017* |
| 4.0% | 1.1% | -0.6% | -1.5% | 1.7% |
*Estimate
Unemployment rate
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016* | 2017* |
| 7.1% | 6.8% | 6.8% | 6.4% | 6.2% |
*Estimate
Public debt (General government gross debt as a % of GDP)
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016* | 2017* |
| 38.8% | 40.5% | 39.3% | 39.7% | 40.3% |
*Estimate
Public deficit (General government net lending/borrowing as a % of GDP)
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016* | 2017* |
| -2.5% | -1.9% | -1.5% | -2.8% | -2.8% |
*Estimate
Government bond ratings
Standard & Poor's: BBB-
Moody's: Baa3
Standard & Poor's / Moody's (Updated as of January 24th 2017)
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Market value of publicly traded shares
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| N/A | N/A | N/A |
Source
Current account balance by percentage of GDP
-2.8% (2017 estimate)
Exports as percent of GDP (Exports of goods and services)
41.1% (2015)
Shares in world total merchandising export
0.4% (2015)
Shares in world total commercial services export
0.4% (2015)
Export commodities
Machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials
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Import commodities
Machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials
Exports - major partners
Germany 19.8%, Italy 12.5%, France 6.8%, Hungary 5.4%, UK 4.4% (2015)
Imports - major partners
Germany 19.8%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 8%, France 5.6%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.6%, Netherlands 4% (2015)
FDI inflows
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| USD 3,601 million | USD 3,211 million | USD 3,389 million |
FDI outflows
| 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| USD -281 million | USD -373 million | USD 310 million |
Value of cross-border M&A, by country of purchaser
| 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 |
| N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2014
N/A
Cross-border M&A deals worth over $3 billion completed in 2015
N/A
Best countries for doing business
Economies are ranked on their ease of doing business. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm.
Overall ranking: 36 out of 190 countries (2017)
Subcategories:
Starting a business: 62 out of 190 countries
Enforcing Contracts: 26 out of 190 countries
Registering Property: 57 out of 190 countries
Getting Credit: 7 out of 190 countries
Protecting Minority Investors: 53 out of 190 countries
Trading Across Borders: 1 out of 190 countries
Paying Taxes: 50 out of 190 countries
Dealing with Construction Permits: 95 out of 190 countries
Getting Electricity: 134 out of 190 countries
Resolving Insolvency: 49 out of 190 countries
Source
Global competitiveness ranking
62 out of 138 countries
(2016-2017)
Index of Economic Freedom
Ranking: 61 / Score: 65.64 (Moderately free) (2016)
(100=totally free 0=totally repressed)
Source
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Languages
Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)
Religions
Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)
Total population
| 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2016* | 2021* |
| 23.459 million | 22.435 million | 20.295 million | 19.76 million | 19.533 million |
*Estimate
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Urban population as % of total population
| 1960 | 1980 | 2000 | 2015 |
| 34% | 46% | 53% | 55% |
Literacy
Total population: 98.8%
Male: 99.1%
Female: 98.5% (2015 est.)
(age 15 and over can read and write)
% of population living on less than $3.10 a day
0.7% (2013)
Inequality of wealth distribution (Gini index)
27.5 (2013)
(0=perfect equality, 100=absolute inequality)
Source
Freedom House rating
Political Rights: 2
Civil Liberties: 2 (2017)
(1 represents the most free, 7 the least free rating)
Source
Total telephone subscribers as % of population
Fixed 19.79% Mobile 107.14% (2015)
(fixed-telephone subscribers and mobile-cellular subscribers)